Genomewide variation in the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its relationship with pathogenic traits juan e. The cathepsin llike cysteine proteinase cpl genes are multifunctional genes. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a prominent invasive plantparasitic nematode and has become a. First report of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in portugal and. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in. Catalases induction in high virulence pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus under hydrogen peroxideinduced stress. Effect of cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase gene. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as pine wood nematode or pine wilt nematode pwn, is a species of nematode that infects pine trees and causes the disease pine wilt. Molecular and chromosomal data support the hypothesis that the pwn was introduced into japan from the united states 4,57. The pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. Pine wilt also been reported on austrian and white pines. Survival and development of bursaphelenchus xylophilus pine wood nematode was studied for up to 40 weeks in pinus pinaster sawn wood and branches.
The pine wilt disease was identified for the first time in the united states in columbia, missouri in 1979. Jones4 and taisei kikuchi1 1division of parasitology, faculty of medicine, university of. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the nematode responsible for a devastating epidemic of pine wilt disease in asia and europe, and represents a recent, independent origin of plant parasitism in nematodes, ecologically and taxonomically distinct from other nematodes for which genomic data is available. Results were considered in relation to decrease in xylem water content, anatomical changes, and increase of nematode number in the trees. Pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode is determined not only by its physical and chemical. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus an overview sciencedirect. Pdf validation of morphological keys for identification.
Three bursaphelenchus xylophilus associated bacteria serratia spp. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an essential step ot diagnose pine wilt disease and to make a strategy for its management. Oof pine wilt disease 257 bursaphelenchus xylophilus has both phytophagous transmission by feeding and mycophagous transmission by oviposition phases of development fig. The introduction of this nematode into japan had devastating effects on the native pines in that country. Most are obligate mycophages, but some feed on wood, with two species, the red ring nematode b. Effects of cavitation on the development of pine wilt. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a nematode species that has. This disease involves very complicated interactions between a pathogenic nematode, its vector beetle, host pine species, and fungi in dead hosts.
In china alone, the combined damage and management costs exceed 4 billion us dollars annually 6. Pdf the pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease pwd, is a major worldwide pathogen and pest of. The study presents the nematicidal effects of halogenated indoles on b. Survival of bursaphelenchus xylophilus and monochamus galloprovincialis in pine branches and wood packaging material e. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an introduced pest in japan 36,45,46, the peoples republic of china 72, taiwan 63, and south korea 73. It is a quarantine pest for most countries in the world. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a quarantined migratory endoparasite known to cause severe economic losses in pine forest ecosystems. To further explore the molecular mechanism of drug resistance in pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, we used bioinformatics approaches to analyze genomic data for b. Cathepsin llike cysteine proteinase genes are associated.
Survival of bursaphelenchus xylophilus and monochamus galloprovincialis in pine branches and wood packaging material article pdf available in bulletin oeppeppo bulletin 412. A bursaphelenchus species has been identified for the first time in the iberian peninsula. Pdf a novel rapid sampling method for pinewood nematode. The total rnas of the two groups of pwns were extracted and transcriptomes sequencing were performed, and the genes expression. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, recognized as a worldwide major forest pest, is a migratory endoparasitic nematode with capacity to feed on pine tissues and also on fungi. Pine wilt bursaphelenchus xylophilus pinewood nematode host. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an important plant pathogen, responsible for an epidemic of pine wilt disease in asia and europe. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a plantparasitic nematode and the causal agent of pine wilt disease pwd. Pm 91 6 bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors. After devastating vast areas of pine forests in asian countries, the pine wilt disease spread into european forests in 1999 and is causing worldwide concern. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is native to north america and was introduced to japan in the 1900s, south korea in the 1980s, china in 1982, and later to portugal, canada and 40 other countries 4, 5.
Chromosome structure and behaviour in bursaphelenchus xylophilus nematoda. Pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus annual. Pdf catalases induction in high virulence pinewood. This is the first report of artificial induction of jiii in b. Assessments of iodoindoles and abamectin as inducers of. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is an important plantparasitic nematode responsible for the development of the pine wilt disease and recognised as a major forest pest. Identification of autophagy in the pine wood nematode. The pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and buhrer, 1934 nickle 1970, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease.
Characteristics and function of a novel cystatin gene in. Genomic insights into the origin of parasitism in the. Pdf the pinewood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. It occurs in much of the united states, canada, and mexico. It invades the tracheal system of beetle species of the genus monochamus and is vectored via oviposition or feeding wounds of the beetle species. Catalases induction in high virulence pinewood nematode. Cysteine proteases secreted by the pinewood nematode. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode, is an eppo a2 pest. Over 70 species of bursaphelenchus have been reported burgermeister et al. Vectors of this nematode are longhorned beetles especially those belonging to the genus monochamus.
Cloning and characterization of a 2cys peroxiredoxin in. Identification and pathogenicity of bursaphelenchus species core. By contrast, the introduction of this nematode to forests overseas has devastated some pine stands and is recognized as a pest of phytosanitary concern by some countries national plant protection organizations. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is native to north america 2 and was introduced to japan in the 1900s, south korea in the 1980s, china in 1982 3, and later to portugal, canada and 40 other countries 4, 5. Molecular biological characterization of bursaphelenchus. Pathogenic variability among populations of the pinewood. Rna interference rnai is a valuable tool for studying gene function in vivo and provides a functional genomics platform in a wide variety of organisms. This initial report was followed by confirmation of. Intraspecific variation in morphometry of pine wood nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus and b. In this study, we report the first genomewide variation analysis of the nematode with an aim to obtain a full picture of its diversity.
Screening and functional analysis of the peroxiredoxin. Bioinformatics analysis of structure and function in the. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus isolates from madeira island displayed the speciesspecific diagnostic characters. Hyperspectral remote sensing has great potential for accurate detection of forest pests and diseases. Approximately 120 ha of conifer forests in slovenia were surveyed for the presence of bursaphelenchus species. Bursaphelenchus luxuriosae described in japan was identified in portugal. Pathogenicity tests of bursaphelenchus xylophilus on pinus. The pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. Attraction of the bursaphelenchus xylophilus nematode toward 18 volatiles of pinus species was evaluated by a petridish bioassay under laboratory conditions to develop a rapid diagnostic kit. Pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus pwn was first detected in. Pine wilt disease pwd caused by pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious threat to global forest populations of conifers, in particular pinus spp. Pm81 disinfestation of wood with ionizing radiation.
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus can feed on both the fungus and the epithelial cells of the resin ducts wingfield et al. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an emerging pathogenic nematode that is responsible for a devastating epidemic of pine wilt disease across asia and europe. Artificial induction of thirdstage dispersal juveniles of. Pdf first detection of bursaphelenchus xylophilus associated with. Transcriptional and morphological changes in the transition from mycetophagous to phytophagous phase in the plantparasitic nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus isheng j.
In most females, the tail presented a broadly rounded terminus and, occasionally, a digitate terminus with a terminal nipplelike extension resembling a mucro. Detection of bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection in pinus. It also occurs in japan, china, taiwan, korea, and portugal. M ota 3, kazuyoshi f utai 2 and johji m iwa 1,4, 1 institute for biological function, chubu university.
The pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease pwd, resulting in huge losses in pine forests. Bursaphelenchus is a genus of nematodes roundworms in the order aphelenchida. This was the third member of the xylophilus group in portugal it is difficult to ascertain whether b. It invades the tracheal system of beetle species of the genus monochamus and is vectored via oviposition or. It was found in very high numbers up to 38 000 per 10 g of pine wood inside a few declining trees infested.
Genomic insights into the origin of parasitism in the emerging plant. A blend of small molecules regulates both mating and development in caenorhabditis elegans. Parasitaphelenchidae germ cells and early embryo koichi h asegawa 1,2, manuel m. Tsai1,2, nurul karim1,3, mitsuteru akiba4, tetsuro kato5, haruhiko maruyama1, yuko takeuchi5 and taisei kikuchi1 abstract. A morphological variation in the female tail terminus was detected. Validation of morphological keys for identification of bursaphelenchus xylophilus nematoda, parasitaphelenchidae to group and species level.
Report of the task force on the control of pine wood nematode in. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was first described in, and is perhaps native to, north america. Genes homologous to members of the mrp gene family in caenorhabditis elegans are important in drug resistance. Pinewood nematodeassociated bacteria contribute to oxidative. In order to study the causes of pine wood nematodes pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus departure from its vector beetle, monochamus alternatus, we collected pwns which were extracted from the newly emerged m. General information about bursaphelenchus xylophilus bursxy eppo global database. Comparative transcriptomic response of two pinus species. Manual curation of the candidates was carried out to determine coding. The nematode is carried by monochamus beetles that feed on twigs in the crowns of healthy trees known as maturation feeding. First report of bursaphelenchus antoniae from pinus.
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